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REFERENCE SET: Tea & Fluorosis - Global Perspective Latest News: NEW RESEARCH: Scientists call for governmental and international agencies to adopt safe standards of fluoride content in tea commodities. Tibet: USA: (More pages are in the PFPC Members Science section) Chile: Sergio-Gomez S, Weber A, Torres C - "Fluoride content of tea and amount ingested by children" Odontol Chil 37(2):251-5 (1989) “...Sixty eight per cent of children drinking tea as usual beverage, therefore it was estimated that about 22.1% of this sample have risk of dental fluorosis.” Villa AE, Guerrero S - “Caries experience and fluorosis prevalence in Chilean children from different socio-economic status” Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 24(3):225-7 (1996) “Differences in prevalence and severity of enamel fluorosis between both groups are tentatively attributed to a different pattern of tap water and tea consumption at pre-school ages.” Senegal: Pontie M, Rumeau M, Ndiaye M, Diop CM - “The fluorosis problem in Senegal: data evaluation and presentation of a new method for defluoridating the water supply” Sante 6(1):27-36 (1996) Yam AA, Kane AW, Cisse D, Gueye MM, Diop L, Agboton P, Faye M - “Traditional tea drinking in Senegal. A real source of fluoride intake for the population” Odontostomatol Trop 22(87):25-8 (1999) Kenya: Opinya GN , Bwibo N, Valderhaug J, Birkeland JM, Lokken P - “Intake of fluoride through food and beverages by children in a high fluoride (9 ppm)
Opinya GN, Valderhaug J, Birkeland JM, Lokken P = “Fluorosis of deciduous teeth and first permanent molars in a rural Kenyan community” Acta Odontol Scand 49(4):197-202 (1991) China/Tibet/BrickTea: Cao J, Liu JW, Tang LL, Sangbu DZ, Yu S, Zhou S, Yu Y, Qu HY - "Dental and early-stage skeletal fluorosis in children induced by fluoride in brick-tea" Fluoride 38(1):44-47 (2005) Fluorosis from brick-tea was discovered during the last decade in western and northern parts of China. Dental fluorosis has a high prevalence among children in these brick-tea endemic areas, but skeletal fluorosis does not normally become apparent until adulthood. In July 2002 we examined 132 primary school children, age 8 to 13 years, in a low-fluoride area of Naqu County, Tibet, and found that 111 of the children (84.1%) had dental fluorosis from drinking traditional brick-tea. Among these 111 children, 96 (86.5%) were found by radiological examination to have developmental skeletal abnormalities in the wrist. We view these findings as warning signs of early-stage skeletal fluorosis indicating that dental fluorosis in children should be considered more than a matter of cosmetic concern. Cao et al. - “Prevention and control of brick-tea type fluorosis--a 3-year observation in Dangxiong, Tibet” Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56(2):222-7 (2003) Cao J, Bai X, Zhao Y, Liu J, Zhou D, Fang S, Jia M, Wu J - "The relationship of fluorosis and brick tea drinking in Chinese Tibetans" Environ Health Perspect 104(12):1340-3 (1996) Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu J - "Brick tea consumption as the cause of dental fluorosis among children from Mongol, Kazak and Yugu populations in China" Food Chem Toxicol 35(8):827-33 (1997) Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu JW - "Safety evaluation and fluorine concentration of Pu'er brick tea and Bianxiao brick tea" Food Chem Toxicol 36(12):1061-3 (1998) Cao J, Chen H, Zhao Y, Liu J, Shen N - "Dental fluorosis of brick tea type in rats" Hunan I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 23(3):257-60 (1998) Turkey: Şükrü Kalayci S, Somer G - “Factors affecting the extraction of fluoride from tea: application to three tea samples” Fluoride 36(4):267-270 (2003) Summary: Infusion time and water hardness were examined for their effects on fluoride extraction from three different brands of tea (Çaykur-Kamelya, Rize-Turist, and Lipton-Ceylon). With soft water (18 mg eq CaCO3/L), extraction after 10 min at 80°C was over 90% complete but only 75% with hard water (79mg eq CaCO3/L). After extraction for 20 min with soft water, the water-soluble fluoride contents of the three brands of tea were determined as 98, 53, and 83 ppm, respectively. Addition of lemon or lemon juice to the tea extract did not change free fluoride content. Tokalioglu S, Kartal S, Sahin U -"Determination of fluoride in various samples and some infusions using a fluoride selective electrode" Turk J Chem 28:203-211 (2004) PDF US: Behrendt A, Oberste V, Wetzel WE - “Fluoride concentration and pH of iced tea products” Caries Res 36(6):405-10 (2002) Chan JT, Koh SH -"Fluoride content in caffeinated, decaffeinated and herbal teas" Caries Res 30(1):88-92 (1996) Chan JT, Yip TT, Jeske AH - "The role of caffeinated beverages in dental fluorosis" Med Hypotheses 33(1):21-2 (1990) Cook HA - “Crippling arthritis related to fluoride intake: Case report” Fluoride 5 (4):209-213 (1972)
Whyte MP, Essmyer K, Gannon FH, Reinus WR - “Skeletal fluorosis and instant tea” Am J Med 118(1):78-82 (2005) Jordan: Fraysse C, Bilbeissi MW, Mitre D, Kerebel B - "The role of tea consumption in dental fluorosis in Jordan" Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 32(1):39-46 (1989) “For social and climatic reasons, Jordanian children drink daily high quantities of tea. Analysis of tea prepared on Jordanian way revealed a concentration of 1.2 mg F/l. This continuous intake of fluoride might explain the high severity of dental fluorosis in Jordan.” India: Gulati P, Singh V, Gupta MK, Vaidya V, Dass S, Prakash S - "Studies on the leaching of fluoride in tea infusions" Sci Total Environ 138(1-3):213-21 (1993) “Danger Of Fluorosis Increases With Intake Of Black Tea” - Times of India/Dainik Bhasker - Aug.8, 2001
Israel: Mann J, Sgan-Cohen HD, Dakuar A, Gedalia I - "Tea drinking, caries prevalence, and fluorosis among northern Israeli Arab youth" Clin Prev Dent 7(6):23-6 (1985) Shomar B, Muller G, Yahya A, Askar S, Sansur R - “Fluorides in groundwater, soil and infused black tea and the occurrence of dental fluorosis among school children of the Gaza strip” J Water Health 2(1):23-35 (2004) “The occurrence of the disease was due to intake of high amounts of fluorides in drinking water, tea and fish. Communication with population indicated a heavy intake of tea starting from a very young age; not uncommonly tea is put in nursing bottles.” Ireland: Kavanagh D, Renehan J - “Fluoride in tea--its dental significance: a review” J Ir Dent Assoc 44(4):100-5 (1998) Pakistan: Cook HA - “Case report-tea and fluorosis” Pak Dent Rev 18(3):100 (1968) Poland: Skorkowska-Zieleniewska - “In heavy tea and coffee drinkers nutritional status of fluoride in relation to that of other mineral elements.” Fluoride 16 (1):20-23 (1983) Sri Lanka: van der Hoek W, Ekanayake L, Rajasooriyar L, Karunaratne R - “Source of drinking water and other risk factors for dental fluorosis in Sri Lanka” Int J Environ Health Res. 13(3):285-93 (2003) Taiwan: Lung SC, Hsiao PK, Chiang KM - “Fluoride concentrations in three types of commercially packed tea drinks in Taiwan” J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 13(1):66-73 (2003) FULL PAPER Germany: Behrendt A, Oberste V, Wetzel WE - “Fluoride concentration and pH of iced tea products” Caries Res. 36(6):405-10 (2002) pH & Calcium Ruan J, Ma L, Shi Y, Han W - “The Impact of pH and Calcium on the Uptake of Fluoride by Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis L.)” Ann Bot (Lond) 93(1):97-105 (2004) OTHER: Kjellevold Malde M, Greiner-Simonsen R, Julshamn K, Bjorvatn K - “Tealeaves may release or absorb fluoride, depending on the fluoride content of water” Sci Total Environ. 2005 Dec 11 Lu Y, Guo WF, Yang XQ - “Fluoride content in tea and its relationship with tea quality” J Agric Food Chem 52(14):4472-6 (2004) Aluminum and Fluoride Fung KF, Zhang ZQ, Wong JW, Wong MH - “Aluminium and fluoride concentrations of three tea varieties growing at Lantau Island, Hong Kong” Environ Geochem Health 25(2):219-32 (2003) The present project aims to investigate aluminium (Al) and fluoride (F) contents
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